Stainless Steel IBC Market

Global Stainless Steel IBC Market Summary

As per Transpire Insight Analysis, the Global Stainless Steel IBC Market size is estimated at USD 3.17 Billion in 2025 and is anticipated to reach USD 4.49 Billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 4.49% from 2026 to 2033.

The global stainless steel IBC market functions as a heavy-duty packaging backbone for industrial supply chains - providing reusable, high-volume intermediate containment cubes designed to safely transport hazardous chemicals, volatile food ingredients, and sterile pharmaceuticals. Over the past three to five years, the industry has seen a massive structural shift away from single-use plastic composite totes toward ultra-durable metal bulk containers to satisfy strict corporate zero-waste mandates. This transition was triggered by severe international freight container capacity bottlenecks and skyrocketing chemical disposal liabilities, forcing plant managers to maximize vertical transport space via high-integrity, stackable containment systems. Because these robust steel vessels completely eliminate product leakage risks and tolerate rigorous, high-temperature chemical clean-in-place sanitation cycles, multinational supply chains are rapidly expanding corporate deployment to protect costly fluid formulations across intercontinental distribution networks.

Global Stainless Steel IBC Market Size & Forecast

• Global Market Size 2025: USD 3.17 Billion
• Expected Market Value (2033): USD 4.49 Billion
• Forecast CAGR (2026–2033): 4.49%
• Leading Region in 2025: Europe
• Fastest Growing Region: Asia Pacific
• Key Company Profiles: SCHÄFER Werke, Hoover Ferguson, Snyder Industries, THIELMANN, Snyder IBC, Precision IBC, Custom Metalcraft, Automationstechnik GmbH, Greif, Pensteel, Werit, Mauser Packaging Solutions, Myers Industries, Time Technoplast, Pyramid Technoplast.

Key Global Stainless Steel IBC Market Insights

The stainless steel IBC market is changing from a conventional static bulk fluid storage vessel category to smart, highly sanitized, and chemically inert logistics nodes. Structural dynamic load balancing, automated clean-in-place (CIP) asset optimization, and trace-isolated IoT integrations form the pillars driving modern industrial fluid distribution networks.

• Standard Stainless Steel IBCs command a dominant 41% market share, with engineering leaders like SCHÄFER Werke supplying robust cubic designs from 500 -1,500 liters that combine galvanized steel stackable frames with 100% recyclable, corrosion-resistant tanks.
• Holding a 36% slice of the global footprint, Europe acts as the premier regional revenue driver, propelled by strict EU chemical safety directives and manufacturers like THIELMANN optimizing specialized pressure-rated vessels compliant with PED and ADR transit frameworks.
• Rising rapidly as the primary growth engine at an explosive standalone CAGR of 15.9%, Asia Pacific cements its position as the fastest-growing geographical market, backed by Hoover Ferguson and local packaging suppliers expanding high-volume rental pooling services across regional chemical zones.
• Capturing an 18% structural market presence, Jacketed IBCs face accelerated factory adoption, with process containment specialists like Custom Metalcraft advancing integrated cooling and heating configurations that maintain strict temperature-controlled viscosity for industrial resins.
• Securing a 14% global material footprint, UN-certified IBCs lead hazardous material logistics, as regulatory compliance entities like Snyder Industries construct heavy-gauge, explosion-proof frameworks certified to pack rigorous Packing Group X, Y, and Z toxic elements safely.
• Advancing at an industry-leading sub-segment CAGR of 14.8%, Aseptic IBCs dominate specialized biotech and food logistics, driven by Automationstechnik GmbH and Greif designing steam-sterilizable, vacuum-resistant vessels that prevent biological cross-contamination.
• Accounting for an 8% targeted share of the fluid processing market, Insulated IBCs support high-purity chemical lines, prompting manufacturers like Mauser Packaging Solutions to engineer high-efficiency thermal barriers that shield sensitive compounds from ambient environmental fluctuations.
• Retaining a specialized 5% product share, Stackable IBCs optimize high-density logistics yards, allowing warehouse management groups to deploy multi-tier vertical storage layouts utilizing specialized corner indexing legs designed by Precision IBC.
• Holding a stable 25% slice of industry volume, North America remains an essential capital foundation for automated fluid logistics, where enterprise suppliers like Pyramid Technoplast and Time Technoplast scale automated metal-forming lines to compress equipment lead times.

What Are the Key Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities in the Global Stainless Steel IBC Market?

Driver

Market expansion is heavily propelled by tightening environmental safety regulations and severe product loss risks from low-integrity containment failures—forcing industrial operators to replace single-use plastic composite totes. Relying on cross-bottled plastic IBCs exposes chemical and pharmaceutical plants to severe stress-cracking liabilities and costly material contamination during high-purity fluid transfers. This vulnerability triggered a wholesale transition toward robust, food- and chemical-grade stainless steel intermediate bulk containers that withstand intensive thermal clean-in-place sanitization loops. This system-wide conversion drives massive multi-ton equipment sales and lease-pooling revenue as enterprise logistics brands optimize long-term asset lifecycle efficiency.

Restraint

Severe upfront capital expenditure friction and high tare-weight payload penalties associated with metal procurement act as a major structural barrier holding back rapid marketplace scaling. Heavy-duty stainless steel tanks cost up to ten times more than disposable plastic vessels, which ties up substantial corporate cash flow for mid-market liquid processors. This financial friction persists because raw nickel and chromium alloy prices fluctuate wildly, meaning supply chain operators face high initial acquisition barriers and increased fuel surcharges due to the added weight during empty reverse-logistics shipping routes.

Opportunity

The most lucrative growth window lies in the deployment of smart, internet-of-things (IoT) integrated aseptic stainless steel IBC arrays equipped with real-time level and temperature tracking sensors. Combining continuous digital fill monitoring with sterile - vacuum-resistant valve systems lets high-purity biopharmaceutical firms and specialty chemical refineries track delicate product integrity automatically across multi-modal transport lanes without risking external atmospheric exposure. This structural transition unlocks highly automated fleet optimization, allowing high-velocity distribution networks in fast-growing manufacturing theaters like the Asia Pacific to slash material waste while ensuring absolute quality tracing for high-value liquid formulas.

What Has the Impact of Artificial Intelligence Been on the Global Stainless Steel IBC Market?

Artificial intelligence is completely reshaping how chemical processing and high-purity pharmaceutical manufacturing lines manage bulk fluid logistics, transforming passive stainless steel storage cubes into smart, predictive transport nodes. Instead of facing unexpected material degradation or contamination events due to hidden temperature or pressure spikes, operations groups leverage machine learning models to analyze internal environmental factors on the fly.

On the logistics floor, integrated AI modules optimize fleet routing and distribution safety by feeding real-time digital level telemetry, shock impacts, and internal pneumatic pressure variables directly into automated fleet management engines. These systems continuously monitor minor valve friction anomalies and stress changes, forecasting seal degradation and required maintenance cycles weeks in advance. By matching these diverse data streams, chemical plants automatically adjust cleaning schedules or shift filling parameters to avoid batch contamination or expensive logistics downtime entirely. However, an integration and accuracy gap persists; automated AI algorithms frequently struggle to reconcile sudden sensor telemetry discrepancies caused by dense, highly viscous specialty chemicals or sloshing multi-phase fluids, meaning physical calibration checks remain essential.

In March 2025, sustainable fluid logistics leader Hoover CS officially integrated its advanced FleetAI tracking and diagnostics software platform across its industrial stainless steel IBC rental fleets to drive autonomous operational management. This technology deployment allows manufacturing networks to extract real-time fill metrics and transit route variances, proactively preventing cross-contamination and eliminating unneeded asset washing cycles across global chemical chains.

Key Market Trends

The global stainless steel IBC market is transitioning from standard heavy-metal storage hardware into an array of highly specialized, digitally monitored logistics nodes. Driven by aggressive international compliance standards for hazardous materials and strict corporate environmental initiatives, modern fluid processing facilities are swapping out single-use composite vessels for modular, multi-trip stainless steel cubical networks that automate tracking and simplify bulk cleaning.

• Over time, chemical refining networks are executing a rapid industry shift away from cross-bottled plastic containers to adopt UN-certified stainless steel structures, sparking a behavioral movement where transport teams utilize extreme pressure-rated metal walls to completely eliminate volatile organic compound (VOC) vapor leakage during intercontinental shipments.
• Food and beverage manufacturing corridors are systematically moving away from standard deep-freezing storage methods toward an aseptic processing shift, using this technological movement to employ vacuum-sealed, steam-sterilizable stainless steel tanks that keep delicate fruit purees fresh for months at room temperature.
• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology lines are experiencing an intense change as plants abandon multi-piece storage equipment to embrace single-unit, high-purity SS316L containers, driving a structural behavioral shift toward self-draining, electro-polished base orientations that eliminate biological residue accumulation.
• Industrial paint and coatings producers are displaying a distinct shift over time by phase-out of traditional manual agitators, implementing a technological transition toward jacketed stainless steel containers equipped with integrated heating coils to autonomously regulate fluid viscosity on high-speed filling lines.
• Specialty chemical processing facilities are steadily executing a high-safety industry shift, utilizing a behavioral movement toward standardized, heavy-gauge steel stackable enclosures that allow multi-tier vertical stacking in warehouse yards without risking structural frame collapsing.
• Liquid cosmetics and personal care suppliers are displaying a multi-capacity change over time, driving an industry shift toward custom-engineered 1,000-liter intermediate containers to streamline batch mixing operations and accelerate single-day product changeover times.
• Global third-party logistics (3PL) pooling operations are executing a massive structural shift away from linear asset purchasing, favoring a technological movement toward smart, cloud-connected intermediate bulk fleets where automated edge-computing sensors constantly log internal pressure, shock damage, and precise container location.

Global Stainless Steel IBC Market Segmentation

By Product Type

Standard Stainless Steel IBCs anchor this segment, holding a dominant 41% share of total industry revenue, while Jacketed IBCs follow as the second largest pillar at 18%. UN-certified and Aseptic configurations command 14% and 10% shares respectively, with Insulated designs securing 8%, and Stackable IBCs capturing 5% of the remaining market footprint. This baseline distribution persists because manufacturing facilities and global chemical networks fundamentally require robust, heavy-duty intermediate containers to handle standard bulk fluid transit without leakage. Standard variants retain their peak market position because large industrial manufacturing centers rely heavily on uniform cube dimensions to streamline transport configurations and optimize container load densities. Meanwhile, Aseptic Stainless Steel IBCs are expanding as the fastest-growing technology sector at an explosive standalone CAGR of 14.8% because modern food-processing and biopharmaceutical enterprises require completely sterile, vacuum-resistant containment setups to transport high-purity fluid ingredients without biological cross-contamination. Moving forward, basic mechanical transit tanks will fully dissolve into smart, highly hygienic circular fluid handling systems. Leading equipment manufacturers will focus heavily on shifting from simple steel vessels toward modular, electropolished aseptic cells that eliminate micro-bacterial pockets while optimizing clean-in-place (CIP) cycle efficiencies.

By Capacity

The 500–1000 Liters capacity bracket functions as the absolute financial anchor of the industry, capturing the largest slice of the revenue footprint due to its widespread alignment with standard global shipping container dimensional grids. Meanwhile, the Above 2000 Liters high-performance tier and specialized High Capacity IBCs represent the fastest-growing operational segments. The market dynamic relies on factory floor synchronization; the majority of liquid processing, consumer product formulation, and specialty chemical manufacturing lines operate with batch processes that perfectly match 500–1000 Liters volumes, making this size range the ideal cost-to-capacity engineering investment. These standard capacity systems maximize line flexibility without incurring the complex handling and spatial constraints of extreme-weight bulk vessels. Conversely, the Above 2000 Liters segment is expanding rapidly because massive continuous-flow chemical refineries and commercial oil distribution centers must transport heavy material volumes rapidly to prevent upstream product bottlenecks. Looking ahead, the structural dividing line between capacity profiles will depend on structural geometric optimization. Scalable market success will belong to equipment providers who design low-profile, high-strength large capacity tanks that maximize vertical stackability inside standard intermodal freight layouts without bowing or cracking lower-tier frames under extreme weight.

By Grade

SS304 serves as the primary structural engine of the market, holding the largest portion of global material volume, while SS316 and SS316L represent highly stable secondary high-purity material blocks. Concurrently, Duplex Stainless Steel and specialized Pharmaceutical-grade alloys represent the fastest-growing material segments within the metallurgical matrix. This market distribution is tied directly to universal industrial corrosion standards, where the SS304 format serves as the cost-effective, ubiquitous baseline metal configuration for non-corrosive liquids across standard consumer goods and industrial supply chains. SS304 variants maintain their high market share because their manufacturing yield is incredibly high and raw material procurement is stable, offering excellent durability for general-purpose application zones. However, specialized sub-segments like SS316L and Pharmaceutical-grade steel are growing at an accelerated clip because biotech manufacturers and advanced chemical labs require exceptional resistance to pitting corrosion and high-frequency chemical sanitizers. Moving forward, metallurgical selection will move past simple raw material grading. Market dominance will belong to manufacturers who develop hyper-smooth, nanostructured electro-polished internal surfaces that completely repel viscous chemical compounds and drastically shorten cleaning cycle durations.

By End User

The Chemicals vertical leads the market with a commanding share of global industry volume, driven by high-velocity industrial processing and rigid hazardous material transport rules. Concurrently, Food & Beverage and Pharmaceuticals entities are rising as highly active, fast-growing secondary buyer pipelines. The underlying market logic is dictated by the sheer velocity and structural sensitivity of fluids flowing through these specific supply networks, where chemical producers require continuous leakage protection to match heavy chemical synthesis lines and pharmaceutical nodes face strict sterility mandates. Chemical plants deploy heavy, UN-certified stainless steel IBCs to maintain airtight uptime over multi-shift daily transit schedules, whereas Pharmaceutical players leverage aseptic containers to isolate fragile bio-formulations from external atmospheres. Looking ahead, competitive advantages among container vendors will depend heavily on software tracking integration capabilities. Long-term profitability will belong to packaging providers that seamlessly mesh active metal containers directly into cloud-based warehouse management systems (WMS), allowing fluid batches to be tracked, heated, and monitored in real time across intercontinental multi-modal transport lanes.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales dominate this segment by securing the largest portion of overall market revenue, driven by high-volume, long-term leasing and procurement contracts signed directly between multi-national corporations and large-scale metal-forming factories. Concurrently, Industrial Distributors and specialized Packaging Suppliers follow as highly active, fast-growing secondary transactional pipelines. This structural alignment persists because massive enterprise networks require highly predictable, bulk supply streams of uniform containment assets to feed their manufacturing centers without experiencing inventory stockouts. Direct Sales lead because they compress supply chains, allowing enterprise buyers to bypass intermediary markups while collaborating directly on custom engineering blueprints or specific corporate regulatory compliance certifications. Meanwhile, Industrial Distributors and Online B2B Platforms are growing swiftly because small-to-medium enterprises demand agile, on-demand fluid packaging asset procurement with shorter lead times to handle unexpected, seasonal shifts in customer demand. Moving forward, distribution boundaries will unify under digital, closed-loop container-pooling management systems. Rather than executing simple, linear sales transactions, next-generation IBC providers will leverage integrated asset-pooling systems to track, reclaim, and maintain heavy-duty steel fleets worldwide.

What Key Use Cases Driving the Global Stainless Steel IBC Market?

The main use case focuses on bulk hazardous fluid containment within chemical supply chains, where operators use standard stainless steel IBCs for cross-border transit. These rugged cubic tanks feature heavy-gauge metal walls to prevent leaks of volatile compounds, ensuring strict regulatory compliance during bulk transport.

Beyond this - expanding applications target sterile, oxygen-free liquid transport in the food and beverage industry. Processing plants increasingly rely on steam-sanitized aseptic containers to ship fruit concentrates and dairy bases over long distances, preserving pure flavor profiles without constant, energy-intensive refrigeration.

Finally, emerging use cases involve automated, temperature-regulated fluid handling inside smart biopharmaceutical labs. Modern biotech hubs utilize smart jacketed tanks with digital sensors to maintain exact batch viscosity during sensitive, closed-loop vaccine production transfers.

Which Regions are Driving the Global Stainless Steel IBC Market Growth?

Europe maintains a commanding grip on the stainless steel IBC market, capturing a dominant 36% of all worldwide industry revenue. This geographic leadership is heavily driven by intense regional enforcement of strict circular-economy frameworks like the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) and severe penalties on single-use transport materials. The regional ecosystem is structurally supported by a dense concentration of chemical and biopharmaceutical production corridors that require non-porous, highly sanitizable bulk handling platforms. Consequently, deploying certified, multi-trip stainless steel bulk vessels has become an operational necessity for Western European manufacturers to eliminate waste disposal taxes and secure absolute compliance with changing transport codes.

In May 2025, Spanish industrial metal processing leader Irestal Group officially signed a definitive agreement to acquire Thielmann, a prominent global manufacturer of high-performance stainless steel containers and aseptic bulk vessels. This major cross-border consolidation significantly strengthens Europe's regional capacity to scale heavy-industrial packaging asset pools, combining Irestal's deep raw material pipelines with Thielmann’s technical expertise in processing hazardous containment drums and specialized pressure vessels. 

North America serves as a highly stable, predictable secondary pillar for the global market, locking down an essential 25% share of total industry demand. While European market expansion centers intensely on green circular-economy directives and waste elimination metrics, North American stainless steel IBC adoption is shaped by massive domestic oil, specialty chemical, and lubricants distribution networks requiring maximum physical durability. This regional market stability is structurally insulated by rigid Department of Transportation (DOT) and OSHA safety mandates governing the intermodal transit of hazardous or explosive fluids. To secure automated cross-docking operations amid volatile material handling costs, domestic logistics managers continuously invest in heavy-gauge metal totes to ensure multi-decade asset durability and reliable container integrity.

The Asia Pacific region has emerged as the fastest-growing territory globally, accelerating at a market-leading CAGR of 15.9% to capture a vital 29% slice of global sales. This sudden structural shift is driven by massive domestic petrochemical refining expansion in major manufacturing zones and a rapid pivot toward strict international UN safety standards for chemical maritime exports. Historically, regional chemical and agriculture networks relied on lower-cost single-use plastic intermediate totes, but the territory has now rapidly turned toward high-strength stainless steel variants to manage harsh transcontinental maritime environments. Looking ahead, future logistics optimization in this booming corridor relies entirely on deploying smart, IoT-equipped steel IBC fleets capable of real-time temperature and fill tracking to eliminate product spoilage across volatile transport routes.

In June 2025, global bulk container innovator Thielmann officially launched its newly engineered, ultra-strong lightweight cylindrical container series known as the IBC ECO-LIGHT to support maritime fluid shipping corridors. This technical equipment development reduces empty container dead-weight by 50 kilograms, enabling high-velocity transcontinental exporters across active Asian maritime pathways to maximize their shipping payloads by packing more fluid weight per truckload while remaining fully compliant with strict transport limits. 

Who Are the Key Players in the Global Stainless Steel IBC Market and How Do They Compete?

Competition in this space is a battle between massive - multi-national industrial packaging groups and specialized, high-precision engineering fabricators. Instead of just competing on raw metal price per container, equipment builders win major enterprise supply contracts by proving absolute seal integrity, demonstrating automated clean-in-place optimization, and providing structural stackable frames that withstand high-density intermodal logistics without buckling.

THIELMANN wins by positioning itself as a premium material innovation leader specializing in high-purity, aseptic - pressure-rated transit configurations. They differentiate their equipment line by integrating advanced electro-polished internal surfaces and specialized vacuum-resistant safety valves that prevent chemical contamination during transcontinental shipments. Their global expansion approach relies heavily on strategic cross-border consolidation, combining deep alloy distribution networks with high-volume industrial assets across Europe.

Snyder Industries competes by embedding a niche focus on heavy-duty durability and strict regulatory compliance across industrial chemical corridors. They stand out in the marketplace by using automated sheet-welding lines to engineer heavy-gauge - UN-certified stainless steel vessels designed to safely transport severe Packing Group hazardous substances. Their geographic expansion strategy focuses on scaling production infrastructure, establishing dedicated automated metal-forming pipelines across major domestic manufacturing hubs to dramatically shorten turnaround times.

Company List

• SCHÄFER Werke
• Hoover Ferguson
• Snyder Industries
• THIELMANN
• Snyder IBC
• Precision IBC
• Custom Metalcraft
• Automationstechnik GmbH
• Greif
• Pensteel
• Werit
• Mauser Packaging Solutions
• Myers Industries
• Time Technoplast
• Pyramid Technoplast

Recent Development News

In May 2025, industrial packaging global innovator Mauser Packaging Solutions officially expanded its bulk product portfolio by launching a completely new line of high-performance Stainless Steel IBCs. This targeted product launch delivers robust, corrosion-resistant transport containers engineered specifically for harsh industrial chemicals, high-temperature fluids, and hygiene-critical pharmaceuticals while offering full end-of-life recovery eligibility through their dedicated collection program.

Source: https://mauserpackaging.com

In August 2025, bulk container expert Hoover CS expanded its sustainable fluid logistics footprint by formalizing an active asset management partnership with leading industrial wash and service providers. This strategic collaboration significantly optimizes the regional maintenance loop for stainless steel chemical totes, integrating automated container cleaning and regulatory recertification systems to reduce turnaround times across major downstream distribution corridors.

Source: https://hooversolutions.com

In May 2026, intralogistics systems pioneer SSI SCHAEFER and Moffett Automation officially established a strategic partnership to deliver advanced, free-roaming pallet shuttle systems across high-performance storage facilities. This engineering collaboration streamlines how automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) handle high-density bulk cargo configurations, accelerating the layout optimization and transit flow of heavy-duty transport platforms inside modern, software-controlled automated warehouses.

Source: https://www.ssi-schaefer.com/en-us

What Strategic Insights Define the Future of the Global Stainless Steel IBC Market?

The stainless steel IBC market is rapidly heading toward a fully integrated, circular asset network model where physical metal bulk storage cubes transform into cloud-connected, traceable logistics nodes. This structural evolution shifts fleet operations away from managing unmonitored equipment pools toward automated, software-driven rental and closed-loop pooling frameworks that coordinate cleaning, validation, and placement in real time.

However - a major hidden risk lies in the unexpected mechanical degradation and structural trace contamination of high-purity internal finishes during high-frequency clean-in-place (CIP) cycles. As operators implement ultra-aggressive automated washing protocols to comply with evolving pharmaceutical and specialty chemical sterility mandates, localized chemical pitting and micro-abrasions can silently compromise electro-polished layers, triggering catastrophic batch cross-contamination risks during sensitive fluid transfers.

An emerging opportunity - unfolding around the industry-wide adoption of modular, dual-walled smart jacketed containers paired with multi-modal sensor arrays. Manufacturers can leverage these advanced, insulated architectures to seamlessly feed real-time internal pressure, viscosity, and thermal fluctuations into fleet management systems, preventing cold-chain breakages during transcontinental logistics.

To win long-term, technology executives must transition away from treating bulk containers as basic, linear-purchase warehouse hardware. Engineering departments should pivot toward developing standardized, edge-AI integrated smart metal vessels featuring built-in digital health tracking, converting traditional transport containment into a smart asset array that actively mitigates logistics risks before shipping labels are generated.

Key Segmentations are:

By Product Type

• Standard Stainless Steel IBCs
• Aseptic Stainless Steel IBCs
• Jacketed IBCs
• UN-certified IBCs
• Insulated IBCs
• Stackable IBCs
• Customized IBCs
• Others

By Capacity

• Up to 500 Liters
• 500–1000 Liters
• 1000–1500 Liters
• 1500–2000 Liters
• Above 2000 Liters
• Medium Capacity IBCs
• High Capacity IBCs
• Others

By Grade

• SS304
• SS316
• SS316L
• Duplex Stainless Steel
• Food-grade Stainless Steel
• Pharmaceutical-grade Stainless Steel
• Chemical-grade Stainless Steel
• Others

By End User

• Food & Beverage
• Chemicals
• Pharmaceuticals
• Cosmetics
• Oil & Lubricants
• Agriculture
• Specialty Chemicals
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Industrial Distributors
• OEM Suppliers
• Online B2B Platforms
• Packaging Suppliers
• Exporters
• Wholesalers
• Others

Regional Outlook

North America

• United States
• Canada
• Mexico

Europe

• Germany
• United Kingdom
• France
• Spain
• Italy
• Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

• Japan
• China
• Australia & New Zealand
• South Korea
• India
• Rest of Asia Pacific

South America

• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America

Middle East & Africa

• Saudi Arabia
• United Arab Emirates
• South Africa
• Rest of the Middle East & Africa